| Isotope Type |
Isotope Value |
Material |
Source |
| Amino acid racematisation ratio of serine D/L to alanine D/L |
0.049 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racematisation ratio of serine D/L to alanine D/L |
0.052 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racematisation ratio of serine D/L to alanine D/L |
0.055 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racematisation ratio of serine D/L to alanine D/L |
0.058 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racematisation ratio of serine D/L to alanine D/L |
0.061 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racematisation ratio of serine D/L to alanine D/L |
0.064 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racematisation ratio of serine D/L to alanine D/L |
0.073 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racematisation ratio of serine D/L to alanine D/L |
0.083 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racematisation ratio of serine D/L to alanine D/L |
0.099 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racematisation ratio of serine D/L to alanine D/L |
0.104 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racematisation ratio of serine D/L to alanine D/L |
0.109 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racematisation ratio of serine D/L to alanine D/L |
0.119 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racematisation ratio of serine D/L to alanine D/L |
0.119 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racematisation ratio of serine D/L to alanine D/L |
0.119 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racematisation ratio of serine D/L to alanine D/L |
0.120 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racematisation ratio of serine D/L to alanine D/L |
0.121 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racematisation ratio of serine D/L to alanine D/L |
0.123 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racematisation ratio of serine D/L to alanine D/L |
0.124 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racematisation ratio of serine D/L to alanine D/L |
0.125 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racematisation ratio of serine D/L to alanine D/L |
0.128 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racematisation ratio of serine D/L to alanine D/L |
0.128 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racematisation ratio of serine D/L to alanine D/L |
0.128 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racematisation ratio of serine D/L to alanine D/L |
0.130 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racematisation ratio of serine D/L to alanine D/L |
0.132 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racematisation ratio of serine D/L to alanine D/L |
0.133 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racematisation ratio of serine D/L to alanine D/L |
0.136 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racematisation ratio of serine D/L to alanine D/L |
0.136 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racematisation ratio of serine D/L to alanine D/L |
0.137 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racematisation ratio of serine D/L to alanine D/L |
0.14 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racematisation ratio of serine D/L to alanine D/L |
0.140 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racematisation ratio of serine D/L to alanine D/L |
0.143 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racematisation ratio of serine D/L to alanine D/L |
0.143 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racematisation ratio of serine D/L to alanine D/L |
0.143 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racematisation ratio of serine D/L to alanine D/L |
0.144 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racematisation ratio of serine D/L to alanine D/L |
0.153 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racematisation ratio of serine D/L to alanine D/L |
0.169 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racematisation ratio of serine D/L to alanine D/L |
0.184 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for alanine |
0.512 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for alanine |
0.543 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for alanine |
0.553 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for alanine |
0.555 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for alanine |
0.578 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for alanine |
0.580 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for alanine |
0.590 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for alanine |
0.594 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for alanine |
0.594 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for alanine |
0.595 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for alanine |
0.598 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for alanine |
0.604 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for alanine |
0.61 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for alanine |
0.616 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for alanine |
0.620 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for alanine |
0.622 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for alanine |
0.624 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for alanine |
0.632 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for alanine |
0.640 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for alanine |
0.647 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for alanine |
0.650 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for alanine |
0.650 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for alanine |
0.651 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for alanine |
0.651 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for alanine |
0.654 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for alanine |
0.657 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for alanine |
0.661 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for alanine |
0.661 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for alanine |
0.674 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for alanine |
0.675 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for alanine |
0.679 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for alanine |
0.680 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for alanine |
0.681 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for alanine |
0.689 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for alanine |
0.691 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for alanine |
0.705 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for alanine |
0.724 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for aspartic acids |
0.550 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for aspartic acids |
0.588 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for aspartic acids |
0.591 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for aspartic acids |
0.606 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for aspartic acids |
0.612 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for aspartic acids |
0.624 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for aspartic acids |
0.647 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for aspartic acids |
0.649 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for aspartic acids |
0.671 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for aspartic acids |
0.728 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for aspartic acids |
0.731 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for aspartic acids |
0.745 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for aspartic acids |
0.750 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for aspartic acids |
0.764 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for aspartic acids |
0.767 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for aspartic acids |
0.767 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for aspartic acids |
0.774 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for aspartic acids |
0.778 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for aspartic acids |
0.79 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for aspartic acids |
0.790 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for aspartic acids |
0.792 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for aspartic acids |
0.792 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for aspartic acids |
0.797 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for aspartic acids |
0.797 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for aspartic acids |
0.798 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for aspartic acids |
0.814 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for aspartic acids |
0.814 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for aspartic acids |
0.856 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for aspartic acids |
0.856 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for aspartic acids |
0.858 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for aspartic acids |
0.858 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for aspartic acids |
0.862 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for aspartic acids |
0.863 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for aspartic acids |
0.864 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for aspartic acids |
0.866 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for aspartic acids |
0.870 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for aspartic acids |
0.872 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for glutamic acids |
0.350 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for glutamic acids |
0.367 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for glutamic acids |
0.378 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for glutamic acids |
0.382 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for glutamic acids |
0.383 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for glutamic acids |
0.386 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for glutamic acids |
0.39 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for glutamic acids |
0.392 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for glutamic acids |
0.392 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for glutamic acids |
0.396 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for glutamic acids |
0.397 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for glutamic acids |
0.398 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for glutamic acids |
0.404 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for glutamic acids |
0.407 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for glutamic acids |
0.426 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for glutamic acids |
0.426 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for glutamic acids |
0.452 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for glutamic acids |
0.453 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for glutamic acids |
0.453 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for glutamic acids |
0.471 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for glutamic acids |
0.480 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for glutamic acids |
0.491 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for glutamic acids |
0.494 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for glutamic acids |
0.506 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for glutamic acids |
0.508 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for glutamic acids |
0.511 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for glutamic acids |
0.516 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for glutamic acids |
0.517 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for glutamic acids |
0.519 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for glutamic acids |
0.520 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for glutamic acids |
0.521 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for glutamic acids |
0.526 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for glutamic acids |
0.527 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for glutamic acids |
0.566 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for glutamic acids |
0.593 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for serine |
0.104 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for serine |
0.105 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for serine |
0.147 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for serine |
0.158 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for serine |
0.255 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for serine |
0.312 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for serine |
0.313 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for serine |
0.317 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for serine |
0.366 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for serine |
0.384 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for serine |
0.739 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for serine |
0.837 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for serine |
0.838 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for serine |
0.842 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for serine |
0.861 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for serine |
0.87 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for serine |
0.888 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for serine |
0.908 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for serine |
0.924 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for serine |
0.934 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for serine |
0.946 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for serine |
1.059 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for serine |
1.069 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for serine |
1.090 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for serine |
1.095 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for serine |
1.116 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for serine |
1.127 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for serine |
1.135 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for serine |
1.150 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for serine |
1.151 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for serine |
1.173 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for valine |
0.271 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for valine |
0.271 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for valine |
0.273 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for valine |
0.281 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for valine |
0.282 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for valine |
0.285 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for valine |
0.297 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for valine |
0.307 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for valine |
0.321 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for valine |
0.325 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for valine |
0.328 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for valine |
0.329 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for valine |
0.33 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for valine |
0.330 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for valine |
0.332 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for valine |
0.335 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for valine |
0.336 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for valine |
0.337 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for valine |
0.341 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for valine |
0.346 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for valine |
0.347 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for valine |
0.351 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for valine |
0.352 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for valine |
0.358 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for valine |
0.388 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for valine |
0.393 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for valine |
0.397 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for valine |
0.398 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for valine |
0.399 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for valine |
0.400 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for valine |
0.401 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for valine |
0.402 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for valine |
0.405 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for valine |
0.41 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for valine |
0.421 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for valine |
0.426 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
| Amino acid racemisation D/L ratio for valine |
0.427 |
Shell |
Penkman et al., 2011 |
